Finally, the prior surveys lacked a digital forensic research review of PLC-based control systems, which was significant for security analysis at different stages.

Subsequently, it was not clear whether their work applied to the current systems or future ones, especially for security detection schemes. Although surveys on similar topics exist, they are less involved in three key aspects, as follows: First and foremost, previous work focused more on system-level vulnerability analysis than PLC itself. To that end, there is an urgent need to summarize ongoing work in PLC-based control systems on vulnerabilities, attacks, and security detection schemes for researchers and practitioners. However, it also provides opportunities for adversaries to launch malicious, targeted, and sophisticated cyberattacks. In order to meet increasing demands on cost-effectiveness while improving production efficiency, commercial-off-the-shelf software and hardware, and external networks such as the Internet, are integrated into the PLC-based control systems. Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), as specialized task-oriented embedded field devices, play a vital role in current industrial control systems (ICSs), which are composed of critical infrastructure.

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